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 Second Temple Timeline 627-539, Neo-Babylonian rule 597, exile of Jehoiachin and
affluent citizens of Jerusalem
586, destruction of Jerusalem, temple, and exile 582, exile of Judeans 539-333, Persian rule 539-530, Cyrus
538, return of Sheshbazzar,
Zerubbabel, Joshua 530-522, Cambyses537, foundations of temple restored 521-486, Darius 520, Haggai, Zechariah and renewal
of rebuilding project 486-465, Ahasuerus/Xerxes515, second temple dedicated 464-424, Artaxerxes 458, Ezra returns 423-404, Darius II445, Nehemiah returns c. 432-426, Nehemiah second term 333-323, Alexander of Macedonia 323-198, rule of Ptolemies of Egypt (tolerant) rise of Hellenism, responses: separation (Pharisees), assimilation
(Sadducees), withdraw (Essenes), attack (zealots) 198-167, rule of Seleucids of Mesopotamia (intolerant) 198, Antiochus III victory over Ptolemies and secures Palestine 175-163, Antiochus IV outlaws circumcision, Torah reading, sabbath
keeping; replaces priest Onias III with Jason and initiates Hellenizing making
Jerusalem Greek polis with gymnasium and later replaces Jason with Menelaus; dedicates
temple to Zeus and sacrifices pigs (15 Dec 168) High priests of second temple 167-164, Maccabean revolt 167-165, Mattathias (father of Maccabees) 165-37, Hasmoneans and Jewish “independent” (kingdom) Hasmonean dynasty 166-141, Maccabean puppet rulers
under Seleucids (much political turmoil)
165-160, Judas “Maccabeus”/hammer 141-63, Hasmonean (Maccabean) rule as local often tyrannical aristocrats
160-142, Jonathan 152, Jonathan becomes first Maccabean high priest 142-135, Simon [c. 152-142, 142-34] Origins of
Essene separatists who eventually move to Qumran along the shore of the Dead
Sea. Many (following J. VanderKam’s influential work) see Qumran separatists to
have originated over a worship calendar dispute between the Wicked Priest
(Jonathan the first Maccabean high priest [152-142] or his brother Simon
[142-134]) and the Teacher of Righteousness, the unnamed founder of the
community. 135-104, John Hyrcanus Ic. 129, John Hyrcanus, destroys Samaritan temple (at Gerizim) Basic provisional timeline of scriptural versions (LXX, DSS, SP) in the second temple context. When a Pharisee (Eleazar)
criticized Hyrcanus who would
not give up the priesthood, Hyrcanus joined the Sadducees moved against
Pharisee standards (see Josephus, 13.288-298, summarized by VanderKam 2001). 103, Aristobulus102-76, Alexander Jannaeus Alexander enacted vengeance upon
Pharisees who had sought out Syrians against him by crucifying about 800 Pharisees,
whose wives and children were cut down while they were being crucified, while
Alexander feasted with his concubines (Josephus, Antiquities,
1.97 [1.14.2]). 76-67, Salome AlexanderBased on Alexander’s deathbed
advice to favor the Pharisees, Salome did so putting her rule at odds with the powerful
Sadducee establishment 67-63, Aristobulus IIAristobulus II and Sadducees march on Jerusalem Hyrcannus II become high priest 63-40, client state of Roman republic 63-43, Hyrcannus II 44, Julius Caesar assassinated 40-37, Hasmonean (kingdom) 40-37, Mattathias Antigonus 37 bce-135 ce, Roman rule of Judea 37-4, Herod the Great of Idumea Herodian dynasty 37-25, consolidation
25-14, prosperity Herod began to reconstruct temple
in Jerusalem (20 BCE) finally completed in 63 CE). Herod married Mariamne II
(24) and appointed her father high priest (23-6). He built a temple for Augustus
in Caesarea Philippi. He remitted 1/3 of the people taxes (to smooth out
feelings for his commitments to Greek and Roman culture) (20). He remitted a
1/4 of taxes (14). 14-4, domestic troublesHerod had several of his sons executed
for seeking his throne. For example, Alexander and Aristobulus of Mariamne I,
educated in Rome and married royal wives, were executed in 7. In winter of 5-4
BCE Christ was born. And, Herod had many children of Bethlehem killed to put a
stop to a competitor to his own heirs (Matt 2:1-16). Herod had his son
Antipater killed, 5 days before his own death (4). 4 bce Tetrarchs 4 bce – 6 ce, Archelaus (mother: Malthace, a Samaritan), gets Judea, Idumea,
Samaria until exiled to Gaul 4 bce – 39 ce, Herod Antipas (mother: Malthace, a Samaritan), gets Galilee, Perea
(kills John the Baptist, at trial of Jesus of Nazareth) 4 bce – 34 ce, Herod Philip (mother: Cleopatra of Jerusalem), gets Golan Heights,
wife goes to Antipas 26-36 ce Pontius
Pilate, prefect of Judea 29, Antipas fell in love with
Herodias, his niece and his brother Herod (Philip)’s wife; after divorcing his
wife and marrying the relationship was criticized by John the Judean baptizer (Mark
6:17; cf. Lev 18:16; 20:21; On identifying Herod Philip see Hoehner, “Herod,”
ISBE). 33, Jesus of Nazareth executed and resurrected
41-44, Herod Agrippa I, after
getting Iturea, Galilee and Perea, in 41 he also gets Judea and becomes king 52-59, Antonius Felix Roman Procurator
of Judea 57, Arrest of Paul of Tarsus [overview of Paul's ministry] 59-62, Porcius Festus Roman Procurator
of Judea c. 56-66 Herod Agrippa II becomes
king as ruler over Iturea, Galilee and Perea; his sister Bernice became his
consort; they joined Festus for a hearing of Paul at Caesarea (59; Acts 26) 63-70 Jewish wars 70 destruction of Jerusalem by Rome 132-135 CE Bar Kokhba revolt Credits Based on Burge, Cohick, Green, The New Testament
in Antiquity: A Survey of the New Testament in Its Cultural Context
(Zondervan, 2009); “Hasmonean Dynasty,” “Herodian Dynasty,” ABD; Hoehner, “Hasmoneans,” Herod," “Herodians,”
ISBE; M. Tenney, New Testament Survey, 2d
ed. (Eerdmans, 1985); James
C. Vanderkam, An Introduction to Early
Judaism (Eerdmans, 2001);
James C. Vanderkam, From Joshua to
Caiaphas: High Priests after the Exile (Fortress, 2004); Geza Vermes, trans., The
Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English, 7th ed. (Penguin, 2011) Copyright © 2016 |
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